How is Tuberculosis Spread?

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease that spreads through tiny droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or sings. Individuals nearby can inhale these droplets, which may lead to infection.

Types of Tuberculosis (TB)

Latent TB Infection

In latent TB infection, the bacteria remain inactive in the body and do not cause any symptoms. Although the infection is not contagious at this stage, the bacteria can become active later in life. Approximately 5–10% of individuals with latent TB may eventually develop active TB disease.

Active TB Disease

Active TB disease occurs when the bacteria become active and begin causing symptoms. This form of TB is contagious and can spread to others through the air. Common symptoms include a persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, and loss of appetite.

Symptoms of Tuberculosis (TB)

• Persistent cough lasting for three weeks or longer
• Coughing up blood or sputum
• Chest pain or discomfort while breathing or coughing
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue and weakness
• Fever and chills
• Night sweats
• Loss of appetite

Diagnosing Tuberculosis

Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB)

• Medical History and Physical Examination
  Doctors evaluate symptoms, review medical history, and assess potential risk factors associated with tuberculosis.
• Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
  A small amount of tuberculin is injected under the skin of the forearm. The test site is examined after 48–72 hours for a raised bump, which may indicate exposure to TB bacteria.
• Blood Tests (IGRAs)
  Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) are blood tests that measure the immune system’s response to TB bacteria and help detect infection.
• Chest X-ray
  Chest imaging is used to identify abnormalities or signs of infection in the lungs associated with tuberculosis.
• Sputum Tests
  Samples of mucus coughed up from the lungs are analyzed in a laboratory to detect the presence of TB bacteria.
• Tuberculosis remains a major global health concern, but early diagnosis, timely treatment, and preventive care can effectively control and cure the disease. If you have symptoms of TB or believe you may have been exposed, consult a healthcare professional promptly for evaluation and testing.